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12 ARTICLES
Finance
- Finance articleHow to Read an Amortization Schedule, Row by RowEach row charges one month's interest on the balance you still owe and uses the rest of the fixed payment to cut that balance. Because the balance is largest at the start, early payments are mostly interest, and the split only tips toward principal late in a long loan.6 min readRead article
- Finance articleMortgage Payment Breakdown: PITI, PMI and HOA ExplainedA monthly housing cost has up to six parts: principal and interest go to the loan, taxes and insurance are often collected through escrow, mortgage insurance protects the lender, and HOA dues usually go to the association. Only principal and interest are fixed for the life of a fixed-rate loan.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleExtra Principal Payments: How Much Interest and Time You SaveOn a 300,000, 30-year loan at 6.75%, adding 100 a month to principal saves about 65,000 in interest and ends the loan 49 months early. Savings rise with every extra amount, but each additional unit buys fewer months than the one before.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleFlat Rate vs Reducing Balance Interest: Converting a Loan QuoteA flat rate charges interest on the original amount for the whole term, even as you repay it. A 10% flat rate over five years costs the same as about 17.27% on a reducing balance, so convert any flat quote before comparing it with an ordinary loan rate.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleRent vs Buy Break-Even: What Moves the Year Buying Pulls AheadThe break-even year is the first year-end when the buyer's equity plus savings exceeds the renter's invested savings. It is extremely sensitive to home-value growth, rent growth, the investment return and the financing rate; a change of one or two points in any of them can move it by years or remove it entirely.6 min readRead article
- Finance articleHow Much Loan Can I Afford? Using Debt-to-Income RatiosMultiply gross monthly income by a debt-to-income limit, subtract existing debt payments, and the remainder is the most a new payment can be; reverse the loan formula to turn that payment into a loan amount. For a mortgage, take taxes, insurance and dues out of that payment first, or the answer will be too high.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleCompound vs Simple Interest: Worked Examples Over 30 YearsSimple interest pays the same amount every year on the original principal; compound interest pays on a growing balance. At 8%, the two match in year one, differ by 3,589.25 after 10 years and by 66,626.57 after 30 years on a 10,000 deposit.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleCAGR vs ROI vs Average Return: One Investment, Three NumbersROI is the total gain over the whole holding period, CAGR is the steady yearly rate that reaches the same ending value, and the arithmetic average of yearly returns describes a typical year. With volatile returns, compounding the arithmetic average overstates what the money actually grew to.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleCurrent Yield vs Yield to Maturity for Premium and Discount BondsCurrent yield counts only coupon income against today's price; yield to maturity also counts the gain or loss between the price you pay and the face value you get back. Below par, YTM is higher than current yield; above par, it is lower.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleNominal Rate vs Effective Annual Rate: How Compounding Changes ItThe effective annual rate is (1 + r ÷ n)^n − 1. A 12% nominal rate is 12% effective with annual compounding, 12.55% quarterly, 12.68% monthly and 12.75% daily, and the gap grows quickly at higher rates.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleHow Much to Save Each Month to Reach a Savings GoalDivide the unfunded part of the goal by the future value of saving one unit each month. At an assumed 6% a year, reaching 1,000,000 takes 14,332.80 a month over 5 years but 2,164.31 a month over 20 years, because longer horizons let growth pay more of the target.5 min readRead article
- Finance articleReading a Gold Jewellery Quote: Tola, Karat and Making ChargesA jewellery price is weight × the rate for that piece's karat, plus making charges, plus any tax. Most quoting errors come from applying a 24K rate to 22K gold or from mixing tola and grams.5 min readRead article
6 ARTICLES
Salary & Pension
- Salary & Pension articleFBR Salary Tax Slabs for Tax Year 2027, With Five Worked SalariesFor tax year 2027, the first Rs 600,000 of annual taxable salary is untaxed and each later slice is taxed at 1% to 35%. A taxable salary of Rs 150,000 a month pays Rs 72,000 a year, an effective rate of 4%.6 min readRead article
- Salary & Pension articleCan a Raise or Bonus Lower Your Take-Home Pay in Pakistan?No. Under the tax year 2027 salaried slabs, each rate applies only to income above its slab floor, so at most 35 paisa of each extra rupee goes in this tax and the rest always adds to take-home pay.5 min readRead article
- Salary & Pension articleFederal Pension in Pakistan: The 7/300 Formula and CommutationGross federal pension is average emoluments × qualifying years (up to 30) × 7/300. Commuting up to 35% turns that share into a lump sum of 12 × the age factor months, 12.3719 at age 60, and leaves the rest as net monthly pension.5 min readRead article
- Salary & Pension articleGratuity in Pakistan: Standing Orders vs Federal Service RulesPrivate-sector Standing Orders pay one month's wages a year (two in Balochistan) and count a part year of more than six months; federal service gratuity pays one month's emoluments per completed year, only for five to under ten years.5 min readRead article
- Salary & Pension articleGP Fund vs Benevolent Fund: Reading Federal Payslip DeductionsThe GP Fund deduction is your own savings, fixed by pay scale and credited with interest each June. The Benevolent Fund and group insurance deductions are fixed by pay slab and buy benefits for your family on death or incapacity.5 min readRead article
- Salary & Pension articleSuperannuation Date and Qualifying Service: The Six-Month RuleA federal civil servant's last day of service is the day before the 60th birthday. For an ordinary pension, a remainder of six months or more after completed years counts as one more year, so a few days at joining can decide a pension year.5 min readRead article
4 ARTICLES
Islamic
- Islamic articleZakat on Gold and Silver: Nisab in Grams and Tola ExplainedThe nisab is 87.48 grams of gold or 612.36 grams of silver, which is 7.5 tola and 52.5 tola. Whether your jewellery passes the gold test can depend on one detail: whether you weigh the piece or only the pure gold in it.6 min readRead article
- Islamic articleGold or Silver Nisab: How the Choice Changes Whether Zakat Is DueThe silver nisab is roughly a twelfth of the gold nisab at typical prices, so anyone whose net wealth falls between the two owes 2.5% under one and nothing under the other. Which one applies to you is a ruling for your scholar.5 min readRead article
- Islamic articleFitrana Amount per Person: How It Is Set and MultipliedFitrana for one person is the price of half a sa' of wheat or one sa' of barley, dates or raisins. For Ramadan 1447 (2026) the Council of Islamic Ideology's minimums ran from Rs 300 to Rs 5,400 per person, and the household total is that amount times the number of people.5 min readRead article
- Islamic articleUshr on Crops: When It Is a Tenth and When a TwentiethUshr is one-tenth of the harvest from land watered by rain or natural flow and one-twentieth where watering has a cost, such as a tubewell. Whether a small harvest owes anything depends on whether your scholar applies a minimum such as 948 kg.5 min readRead article
3 ARTICLES
Business
- Business articleProfit Margin vs Markup: Why a 25% Markup Is Only a 20% MarginA 25% markup on cost gives a 20% margin on the selling price, because the same profit is divided by a larger number. Convert with margin = markup ÷ (1 + markup) and markup = margin ÷ (1 − margin).5 min readRead article
- Business articleBreak-Even Analysis Worked Example: Costs, Contribution and PriceBreak-even units equal fixed costs divided by contribution per unit (price minus variable cost). In the case below that is 120,000 ÷ 500 = 240 mugs a month, and a price cut raises the threshold much faster than a price rise lowers it.5 min readRead article
- Business articleFreelance Hourly Rate From an Annual Income Target, Step by StepDivide your desired annual pay plus business expenses by the hours you can actually invoice, not the hours you work, then add any reserve. For 2,400,000 of pay, 360,000 of expenses and 1,200 billable hours, that is 2,300 an hour, or 2,645 with a 15% reserve.5 min readRead article
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Math
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Education
1 ARTICLE
Everyday Costs
2 ARTICLES
Converters
- Converters articleKB vs KiB: Why a 1 TB Drive Shows About 931 GBDrive makers count 1 TB as 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. Divided by 1,024 three times, those same bytes are 931.32 GiB, and some operating systems print that figure with a GB label. No space is lost in that step.5 min readRead article
- Converters articleMarla to Square Feet: 225 or 272.25, and Why It MattersA revenue marla is 272.25 sq ft and a Lahore, Faisalabad or DHA marla is 225 sq ft, so the same "5 marla" can be 1,361.25 or 1,125 sq ft. The larger marla is exactly 21% bigger, and every price per marla comparison needs that checked first.5 min readRead article